System Integrity and Validation - 1083 Words

System Integrity and Validation ACC/542 March, 2 2014 Prof: Edgar Coronel Preface Kudler Fine Food is a specialty food store that caters their service to a variety of special clients. Providing great service has been a calling card for Kudler Fine Food. Since their first store was open back in 1998, they have enjoyed great success. This has also allowed them to open a few more locations. Having the ability to have a strong accounting information system and great business structure in place was vital to the growth and development of Kudler Find Food. Even though their current system has allowed them to have success, there are improvements that are needed that would allow them to operate†¦show more content†¦Data query is a CAAT that can detect fraud. A data query is a search to determine if the results fit within the context of evidence of the audits. The test includes tests of controls, substantive testing, and interviews with client personnel, risk assessment performed during audit planning, and the environment in which the business operates. The audit or should consider, for example: ââ€"   Does the evidence make sense when other relevant trends are considered? ââ€"   Does the evidence support assertions made by management or employees? ââ€"   Does the CAAT pertain to an area identified as high risk? Functions of Audit Productivity Software If an auditor uses audit production software, they should notice and increase in effectiveness and productivity. Automation of data can save an auditor time and effort. Also, the CAAT can mismatch items and regulatory issues. Another advantage an auditor gains are electronic working papers, groupware, time and billing, reference libraries and document management. Electronic paper increases productivity because the auditor no longer is spending time on manually auditing work papers (Hunton 2004). Groupware allows sharing of information across firms and between the auditor and the clients (Hunton 2004). Time and billing software can ease the formerly erroneous process of accounting for chargeable hours and compiling and preparing billsShow MoreRelatedSystem Integrity and Validation1262 Words   |  6 PagesSystem Integrity and Validation ACC 542 System Integrity and Validation In the past months, Jarowito Company has analyzed carefully Kudler Fine Foods accounting information system. It has explored the key business and the accounting information needed. It has analyzed strength and weaknesses of the systems and technology, suggesting some technology opportunities. It has evaluated the possible threats, suggesting how to avoid them.Read MoreSystem Integrity and Validation1049 Words   |  5 Pagesimplemented that will assist Kudler in creating a framework for their audits. CAATs are divided into two techniques that will be beneficial to Kudler. The first is validating application integrity. The purpose of this technique is to find whether the source code has been compromised. Verifying the overall integrity of the applications is the second CAATs technique. This technique’s objective is to ensure that the data was imported correctly and also to find any irregularities within the data. DueRead MoreSystem Integrity and Validation1007 Words   |  5 PagesFoods management team is considering incorporating proposed computer assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) within its systems. CAATs will increase efficiency levels of an auditor’s personal productivity during analysis and data extraction of the audit which is beneficial to the performance of Kudler. CAAT will also service as a validation agent providing assurance of data integrity and reliability to the operations of Kudler Fine Foods for its users. CAAT surfaces inconsistencies that can be verifiedRead MoreEssay about System Integrity and Validation1055 Words   |  5 Pageshead: System Integrity and Validation System Integrity and Validation Aaron Stewart University of Phoenix Accounting Information Systems ACC/542 MBAY0ZDVQ0 Yasin Dadabhoy September 19, 2011 Preface Kudler Finer Foods has a very strong accounting information system in place but there is room for improvement. Kudler’s has taken the steps in the correct direction by implementing an industry specific system. ComputerRead MoreSystem Integrity And Validation Of A Fine Foods1168 Words   |  5 Pages System Integrity and Validation Christopher Gaten ACC/542 Anita Rodriguez January 25, 2016 Over the last several weeks, there have been several recommendations made to update and replace the current software of Kudler Fine Foods IT audit systems. These recommendations have been made in hopes of making the company more efficient and profitable. According to most recent research, there are several audit systems that seem to best suit all audit functions of Kudler Fine Foods. Having saidRead MoreSystem Integrity and Validation - Kudler Fine Foods1033 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Assignment: System Integrity and Validation - Kudler Fine Foods Over the past few weeks our team has looked into a number of aspects of Kudler Fine Foods and made recommendations as necessary in hopes of updating and replacing existing components of the companies IT systems in hopes of making the company more productive and profitable. Last week out team focused on the importance of audits and at a number of different types of audits that should be conducted to future evaluate the companyRead More†¢ Biomarker work plan and target population A biomarker work plan should be prepared before the1400 Words   |  6 Pagesrequirements for the assay. This plan can also specify the level of rigor to be applied to the assay validation and sum up purposes of study and the intended use of assay data. (Lee, J. W., et al. (2006). Fit-for-purpose method development and validation for successful biomarker measurement. Pharm Res 23(2): 312-328.) †¢ Sample Collection Results from biomarker assays are reliable if sample integrity is maintained from sample collection by analysis. First, consistent application of predefined sampleRead MoreStudy on Input Controls1573 Words   |  6 Pagescomputer application. Meanwhile, data could be entered into the computer by scheduled automated processing or manually. Input controls are the computer tools that assist in enhancing data integrity when data are entered into the system. The input controls perform different functions to enhance data validity and integrity. Functions of Input Controls Input controls are the computer tools that assist in ensuring that data are accurately processed through the application processing to ensure that dataRead MoreDatabase Migration Is The Transportation Of Data From Existing Database For New Database1570 Words   |  7 Pagesand 67% are not delivered on time†. This report highlights validation of migrated data using a proposed automated tool for quality assurance which is cost effective, timely efficient, resource operative and also manual data verification and validation. LITERATURE REVIEW In paper [3] discusses practice based testing and QA techniques to minimize or even eliminate risk. [4] Discussed validity, completeness, accuracy, timeliness, integrity and accessibility as the features of quality data. The bestRead MoreBased On The Study Of Various Security Models Of Cloud1030 Words   |  5 PagesAPI user agent connects specific cloud services. The proposed security model is shown in fig.1.2 it consists of the following security components. (i) Verification and validation (ii) security policies (iii) privilege control (iv) data protection (v) data security services (vi) threats/attacks detections. Verification and Validation: This unit is required in cloud computing not only to authenticate users but also to ensure the accuracy of data and services on the cloud. The significance of security

Issues of Gender Relationships and Violence in Euripides...

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Harlem Renaissance Free Essays

This website told all the basic information of Jessie personal and work life. The author took information from various documents and talked about the deferent Interviews discussing Jessie. Martin Included all the sources all the deferent websites he used for information which helped me because I went on It We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/online-plagiarism-checker/"to check all the facts. The web document also Included all the works of Jessie Faucet Including poems, articles, and novels. Sinai, Salaam. â€Å"Jessie Redmond Faucet. † 1st Period’s Harlem Renaissance poet page. N. P. , 18 2012. Web. 18 DCE 2012.. This website was a great website because It had a lot of Information. The author also Included some of Jessie Faucet’s poems and went on to write about her personal life. Simian Sinai tells about Jessie point of view as she says Jessie says she saw the good and the bad side of people. The analysis was the author’s point of view on how she thinks Jessie thought and wrote her novels and poems. Handwriting, Mary. â€Å"Faucet, Jessie 1882-1961 Contemporary Black Biography. 1994. Encyclopedia. Com. 18 DCE. 2012 . This website helped me because it had a lot of things I did not receive from other websites. Such as quotes and facts about Jessie Faucet , such as she was taught Latin and died two years after the death of her husband. This website is very easily readable and is highly recommended for information on basic topics. I also found out that Jessie was the seventh child and her mother soon died after having her. Her dad hen went on to marry someone who also had three kids, so she had a very large family. Basking, Andrew, and Crystal D. Thomas. â€Å"Faucet,Jessie R. (1882-1961). † Blacklist. Org Remembered and Reclaimed. An Online Reference Guide to African American History. Web. 18 DCE 2012. This website gave me a lot of facts that other websites didn’t. A fact such as Jessie was known as the â€Å"Midwife of the Harlem Renaissance. † Though there were two authors, I personally didn’t think they give much information but they gave me enough for me to finish this project. I also found out from this website that Jessie died three years after her husband died. She died three days after her birthday. THREE By loveformusic257 author took information from various documents and talked about the different interviews discussing Jessie. Martin included all the sources all the different websites he used for information which helped me because I went on it to check all the facts. The web document also included all the works of Jessie Faucet including poems, articles, and novels. Sinai, Simian. â€Å"Jessie Redmond Faucet. † 1st Period’s Harlem This website was a great website because it had a lot of information. The author also included some of Jessie Faucet’s poems and went on to write about her personal â€Å"Faucet, Jessie 1882-1961 . † Contemporary Black Biography. Family. Basking, Andrew, and Crystal D. Thomas. â€Å"Faucet, Jessie R. That other websites didn’t. A fact such as Jessie was known as the â€Å"Midwife of the Harlem Renaissance. † Though there were two authors, I personally didn’t think they How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers Harlem renaissance Free Essays American artists moved to Paris or spent considerable time there rather than endure the racism and segregation in America. In Paris they could be free to eat in any restaurant they chose, and were treated well. After fleeing segregation in America where African Americans couldn’t stay in the same hotels or eat in the same restaurants as whites, Josephine felt well at home in this vibrant city. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now World War II Hero During World War II, Josephine served with the French Red Cross and was an active ember of the French resistance movement. The French Resistance was a group of individuals who helped to win the war against the German Nazis enemy with undercover work. Using her career as a cover Baker became an intelligence agent, carrying secret messages written in invisible ink on her sheet music. She was awarded honor of the Choir De Gruyere, and received a Medal of the Resistance in 1946. In 1961 she received the highest French honor, the Legion denouncer from French president Charles degaussed. A Force in the Civil Rights Movement When Josephine later returned to America to perform, she always insisted that the theaters not be segregated. At that time, African-Americans were told that they could only sit in certain sections of the theatre, away from whites. They also had to sit in the back seats of public transportation, could not eat in the same restaurants, or frequent the same stores and other public venues. In the sass, Baker traveled around the United States giving speeches in support of the civil rights movement, which was campaigning for equal rights for African Americans. After World War II, Josephine began to adopt children from all over the world, calling them her â€Å"Rainbow Tribe. † She saw her Rainbow Tribe as evidence that people of all colors and races could live together in peace and harmony. She adopted 12 children in all. Josephine and the Rainbow Tribe lived in a large castle in southwestern France. Josephine Baker made several movies, numerous recordings, and performed on stage until she was in her late ass. How to cite Harlem renaissance, Papers Harlem Renaissance Free Essays The Effects of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance continues to be the most momentous artistic movement in American history. The renaissance helped to form an awareness of characteristics for African-Americans. The Harlem Renaissance is best recalled today as an outburst of creativity overflowing from talented African-Americans in the sass. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The creative minds behind the Harlem Renaissance used artistic expressions to make an important effect on all features of society, while also providing African-American with heir first sense of while not being to slavery. Lain Locke said it best, â€Å"In the very process of being transplanted, the Negro is becoming transformed (Locke 6). In the early 20th century, African-Americans escaped the economic deficiency of the South and migrated northern and urban cities, mostly New York, in an anxious attempt to find good Jobs and economic safety and also searching for a more racially open- minded society. This collective desire to help each other was an element in changing the movement into one that embraced all the fine arts; it was also essential in evolving the Harlem Renaissance into a search for a new identity for a deprived ethnic group that is constantly being reminded of slavery. The Harlem Renaissance rapidly became Just as important for the way in which is gave African-Americans a real culture and a pride in acknowledging and embracing that culture. The intellectuals contributed to the significance of the Harlem Renaissance by understanding and contributing to its purpose in defining positive role models for blacks. In fact, the movement essentially created the idea of the black intellectual for both Americans and Europeans. Some of the artists’ contributions are actually still valuable today Just as they were back then. James Weldon Johnson is an iconic symbol in the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance as a writer and also an editor. He had written the controversial Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man in and had also edited The Book of American Negro Poetry. This collection showcased several of the Renaissances most talented poets, including a man who would go on to become a giant in the literary world, Longboats Hughes. Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the most primitive innovators of the then-new literary art form called Jazz poetry. He is highly recognized in the Harlem Renaissance period. He famously wrote about the period that â€Å"the negro was in vogue† which was later paraphrased as â€Å"when Harlem was in vogue†. Zorn Neal Hurst published a literary magazine that crumpled almost immediately because of problems raising money, but was influential, however. Hurst later on accomplished immortality with her book Their Eyes were Watching God. Literature was not the only art that defined the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, the music of the period may have been more influential in defining the identity of the common African-American than the literary accomplishments. The music turn into a background music for the age, while also providing motivation to the literary adventures of poets and dramatists. Jazz exploded into the arena of respectability and characterized for many whites the embodiment of the urban lifestyle. The leading Jazz performers were Bessie Smith, Duke Elongating, Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday. Harlem Renaissance can be seen as a challenge to fuse imaginative meaner o produce an identity of artistic expression. The most long-lasting effect of the Harlem Renaissance may have been the one that is endorsed upon the education of African-Americans. The vital importance of education, but it was also one which saw a huge growth in the importance and availability of high education. Since the realities of the racial division in America was at work either subliminally or obviously in closely every work of literature produced during this period, the Harlem Renaissance is acknowledged for constructing an aggressiveness borne by that search of knowledge. Any time an ethnic group is exposed to education at a level they’ve been denied, it can be expected that certain people will recognize the political feature of the denial of that education. There was a beginning mindfulness among African Americans across America that promises made had not been kept from reconstruction through World War l. Many of the intellectuals of the movement insisted that discrimination of this type should be confronted and overcome. During the Harlem Renaissance, African-Americans for the first time had a real reason to experience pride and rejoice in their identity. Harlem became the center of a â€Å"spiritual coming of age† in which Lockers â€Å"New Negro’ transformed â€Å"social disillusionment to race pride† (Fonder, 2009). Out of Harlem came works of literary, musical and fine arts that spoke to the contribution of African-Americans, and forced the white power arrangement to recognize their contributions. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, who were mostly blacks. That is the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance should be acknowledged for its contribution to changing the self- perception of blacks in America; a rise in self-esteem that would in the long run transform into the Civil Rights Movement and also changed the identity of America. Works Cited Fonder, Eric. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†. The Harlem Renaissance. (2009). Web. 24 Feb.. 2014. Huggins, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2007. Hutchinson, George. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance. † Harlem Renaissance. (2013). Web. 24 Feb.. 2014. Locke, Lain Leroy. The New Negro. Touchstone, 1999. Tate, Eleanor. Celesta’s Harlem Renaissance. Little Brown and CO, 2009. How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers Harlem Renaissance Free Essays The trials and tribulations of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, also referred to as The New Negro, was a period of newfound artistic and social freedom for African Americans beginning in the early sass and ending in the early sass. The renaissance served to create a consciousness of identity for African Americans, while also forcing white Americans to confront the importance of the ethnics. The creation of the New Negro in Harlem represented the liberation of the last vestiges of slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the years to follow after World War 1, Harem’s population was almost entirely black. The Harlem Renaissance period marked the beginning of a vital part of African American history in the United States. Harlem Renaissance, the cultural explosion of Jazz, dance, film, poetry and art that swept this country, Western Europe and the Caribbean 75 years ago, is getting its first major retrospective in this country. â€Å"It explores the Harlem Renaissance not as a phenomenon confined to a few square miles of Manhattan, but as an historical moment of global significance,† says the foreword to the catalogue. During the early 20th century, three quarters of a million African Americans escaped the economic deprivation of the south and migrated northward to urban cities in a desperate attempt to find good Jobs and economic security, while also hoping to find a more racially tolerant society. 175,000 African Americans settled in New York City. The Harlem Renaissance opened doors for African Americans after the great migration, and paved the way for many opportunities. Youths) During this era African Americans for the first time had a real reason to experience pride and rejoice in their ewe found identity. Much of the literature, art, and music emerging during the first half of the 20th century came from African Americans, even though people of all races and cultures were involved. On the May, 1925 editorial page of The Crisis, W. E. B. Dubos hailed an unprecedented blossoming of black literature in America and pledged the services of his office to its perpetuation. We shall stress Beauty,â⠂¬  he wrote; â€Å"all beauty, but especially the beauty of Negro life and character; its music, its dancing, its drawing and painting, and the new birth of its literature. † To me this earns he wants his readers to look at how different cultures represent their way of life. Longboats Hughes was one of the major black writers to emerge from this era. Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his writings, such as, plays novels, poems, essays, and much more. Harlem was like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual,† wrote Longboats Hughes, â€Å"pulling him from everywhere. † Meaning blacks were coming from many parts of the country (34). â€Å"If white people are pleased we are glad, if they are not, it doesn’t matter† (34) In his opinion if white people didn’t except the blacks it didn’t matter because they were experiencing some new found freedom. James Weldon Johnson was an iconic figure in the initiation of the Harlem Ren aissance both as a writer and editor. The recent appearance of â€Å"the Negro author† on the list of the best publishers and the best sellers must seem â€Å"a novelty, a strange phenomenon, and a miracle straight out of the skies. † Something you wouldn’t think possible or a rare occasion, or unexpected Monsoons 315). â€Å"To the general American public,† James Weldon Johnson claimed in his 1928 essay. Double audience makes road hard for Negro Authors. † When the audience is of mixed races, it could be more difficult to impress the white population. 315) Johnson had one main purpose in writing the Black Manhattan, to show where the new nation and modernism originated from. Henry Louis Gates Jar. , says that â€Å"it is difficult not to recognize the signs that African Americans are in the midst of a cultural renaissance. † Blacks were struggling to be acknowledged by whites and hoping to be able to express their beliefs in all aspects. (807) Gates notes that the new Negro Ritte r held Harlem up as a wondrous cultural center, even as it was turning into the great American slum. An area of a city in which the housing is typically in very bad conditions, has lower standards, and usually over populated. (807) A major luminary of the Harlem Renaissance was Zorn Neal Hurst, a grand dame of the so called incinerating, a group of black writers who rejected the notion of the racial struggle as the sole mission of the black elite. OBOE Foundation 52) Carl Van Bechtel was a famous writer during the Harlem Renaissance. He was known to have frequent, lavish arties that were almost always interracial. 462) Van Vestments friends describe his parties as white celebrities mingling drunkenly with black writers and artists; on several occasions black entertainers like Paul Robertson, and Taylor Gordon provided musical accompaniment. (462) Van Beechen became, in Nathan Huggins phrase, a â€Å"downtown authority on uptown nightlife. † He was well known and respected in the downtown community (462). When Carl Van Beechen wrote Niger Heaven, the title was considered to be a terrible insult and caused quite a stir, furthermore after its publication the black community participated in vigorous protests. 461) Niger Heaven is a book â€Å"springing from emotions other than patronizing sympathy,† according to Johnson, who goes so far as to â€Å"wish a Negro had written it. † Maybe in his opinion the title was racial and condescending to blacks. (463) Rolling Lynda Hart , a writer for The Independent wrote, â€Å"when we get possession of Africa,† a Negro said to me in Harlem the other day, â€Å"we are going to build a civilization so splendid that white women will blacken their faces and frizz their hair. † In The Independent, a 20th century magazine wrote an article on Harlem. The magazine explains that Negroes had opened several kinds of businesses. The creative minds behind the Harlem Renaissance used artistic expression to make a significant impact on all aspects of society, while also endowing African American with the first sense of identity not defined by slavery. (121) Although generally considered an African American literacy movement, the Harlem Renaissance extended beyond books and poetry to embrace art, dance, and music. A spirit of regeneration among black Americans, especially those living in northern cities, was evidenced in a variety of ways in the early 20th century. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists, and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, regardless of race. That, in fact, may be the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. Prior to this era, the representations of African Americans in American literature were that of the illiterate and inferior peasant who made his living in the soil of the cotton fields. Although the emergence of the Harlem How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers Harlem Renaissance Free Essays string(72) " have a positive role to play in the betterment of the black community\." As a result of the movement, African Americans were able to move on to rater heights in the realm of art, experience some sense of interracial relations which they had not before and they were able to build from this arts driven movement into a full-fledged Civil Rights movement. â€Å"The major political theme of the Harlem Renaissance was the rebirth of a people, the creation of the New Negro. â€Å"[3] This use of art forms as a meaner to express, uplift and motivate still plays a major role in today’s African American society. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now While literature has taken a back seat to hip hop and African American produced films, these art forms continue to give voice to African Americans who would otherwise be left silent. The fight for African American equality in the United States has been a slow and arduous process. One of the key steps in the progression towards equality was the Harlem Renaissance, a time of great social and creative activity among African Americans during the sass’s and The Harlem Renaissance, also referred to as the Black Arts movement made significant contributions to the movement of art and literature at the time. Thus, the presence and purpose of the works were felt outside of the black community. â€Å"There is general agreement†¦ That the Harlem Renaissance is crucial to the understanding of all 20th-century American art and culture. [5] The writers, musicians and artists during this time saw their art form as a meaner of expression; an opportunity to speak out against the mistreatment and discrimination they faced. The Great Migration had recently taken place in which African Americans from the South moved up North in droves to escape Jim Crow racism, search for better employment opportunities and a new beginning. Unfortunately, when many African American arrived in the North, they were faced with many of the same racial discriminations they had faced in the South. â€Å"Social attitudes of the early 20th century forced these black folks to settle in segregated urban housing. So, they created bustling black metropolises cities within cities. â€Å"[6] â€Å"The addition of thousands of southern blacks to these once miniscule communities was immediately accompanied by intensified levels of prejudice and discrimination against blacks, as both newcomers and long-time residents were quickly perceived by northern whites as serious competitors for Jobs and housing. [7] With the migration to a new place and the realization that there were still barriers resulting from discrimination, artistic creativity became a meaner for expression, growth and entertainment. This caused a erred of remarkable artistic and intellectual activity in New York City’s African American community, leading to the H arlem Renaissance. â€Å"[8] Some argue that the Harlem Renaissance was pointless and had no immediate effects on society in terms of the betterment of African Americans. However, there was a significant change in the way African Americans viewed themselves. There was a surge of pride that permeated the African American community as a result of the art that was present at that time. â€Å"†¦ The Harlem Renaissance benefited future African Americans by helping to establish black pride. Renaissance writers such as W. E. B Du Bois influenced future artists like author James Baldwin and activists like Martin Luther King, Jar. These individuals and others like them would help initiate broader social change in the sass’s and However, the establishment of Black Pride did not improve the living conditions of many African Americans. This was the concern of a lot of critics and historians, as they â€Å"worry that the emphasis on a celebration of black cultural achievements overlooks the difficult living conditions of most African Americans in urban Embracing the artistic expression of the time individuals like â€Å"†¦ W. E. B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Arthur Schoenberg, began to reflect on how cultural activity might aid the African American community in its struggle to better its situation. In the pages of The Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP, Du Bois and novelist Jessie Faucet encouraged conversation about how creativity in the arts might contribute to a better understanding of and respect for the African American experience. â€Å"[11] The unchanged living conditions of African Americans in northern cities, some decades later, ultimately gave birth to the Hip-Hop movement. â€Å"Before the sass, there were only a handful of books by African-American tutors. At that time, most black characters in literature were written by white people. There was little authentic, or true, discussion of what it meant to be black in America. â€Å"[12] This was so even when white writers interviewed many of the emancipated slaves. Instead of telling their stories in the way it was told, many of the writers saw it as an opportunity to make light of the way they pronounced and enunciated words, which helped most readers easily miss the point of the interviews. However, â€Å"In this cultural moment black writers experienced and expressed a sense f self-worth and self-empowerment that underside all subsequent declarations of black political and aesthetic pride. [13] Longboats Hughes was â€Å"†¦ One of the leading and most famous writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance†¦ Known for using Jazz rhythms in his poetry and for his colorful, insightful portrayals of the lives of ordinary African-Americans. â€Å"[14] Hughes made an interesting point in his essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, published in 1926 i n a magazine called The Nation, which gives readers insight on the mindset of the majority of Harlem Renaissance artist. He declared, â€Å"We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too. The tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure does not matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within 5] Hughes endorsed the idea that the arts could have a positive role to play in the betterment of the black community. You read "Harlem Renaissance" in category "Papers" He insisted, however, that the work produced must embrace the whole African American and not merely mimic white standards, styles, and expectations. Much like during the Harlem Renaissance era, disenchantment with society is still expressed through movies, music, art and literature. This statement is even more relevant when we consider the Hip Hop culture of today that also expresses its disenchantment with society by using music, movies, art, literature, dress and dance. â€Å"Hip hop has rejected and now replaced the pious, sanctimonious nature of civil rights as the defining moment of Blackness. In turn, it offers new ways of seeing and understanding what it meaner to be Black at this pivotal time in history. 16] Although appreciative of the progress made by the Civil Rights Movement, the early Hip Hop artist viewed the obtaining of civil rights as nothing more than a bone that was pitched to blacks to keep them quiet. These artists were voicing their frustration with what they perceived to be the unfair treatment of their people. The frustrations of the early hip-hop artists can be heard in the lyrical poetry of their songs. For instance, Grandmaster Flash wrote a song called The Message, and the first verse says, â€Å"Broken glass everywhere People pissing on the stairs, you know they Just don’t care I can’t take the smell, I can’t take the noise Got no money to move out, I guess I got no choice Rats in the front room, roaches in the back Junkies in the alley with the baseball bat I tried to get away, but I couldn’t get far Cause a man with a tow-truck repossessed my Another example of a rap artist speaking out on the condition of blacks and encouraging them was the song â€Å"Keep Yah Head Up† by Outpace who said, â€Å"Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gay, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like black was that thing to be And suddenly that ghetto didn’t seem so tough And though we had it rough, we always had enough.. While the rich kids is driving Benz I’m still trying to hold on to my surviving friends And it’s crazy, it seems it’ll never let up, but please†¦ You got to keep your head up. â€Å"[18] Like the artist of the Harlem Renaissance era, the early Hip Hop artist wanted to shine a spot light on what was going on within a black community that the majority did not seem to care about. â€Å"Hip hop redefined the presence and vitality of black youth culture in the popular cultural landscape. More important, it forged new territories and spaces for African Americans to assert greater control over the shaping and reshaping of the popular culture scene. [19] In his poem â€Å"New Song† Hughes says, â€Å"l speak in the name of the black millions Awakening to action. Let all others keep silent a moment I have this word to bring, This thing to say, This song to sing: Bitter was the day When I bowed my back Beneath the slaver’s whip. That day is past. When I saw my children unschooled, My young men without a voice in the world, My women taken as the body-toys Of a thieving people. That day is past. † Here we see a setting quite similar to that of the aforementioned Grandmaster Flash song. Hughes describes the past condition of African Americans. He described what e saw and goes even further as to say, no more. He makes a stance against the condition of black people and while doing so encourages a change in action and attitude. In an attempt to redefine their own culture, the Harlem Renaissance also reshaped literature and the art forms represented during the movement. Jazz is a great example of this, â€Å"†¦ New type of music called Jazz, which quickly became popular throughout the world and is recognized as the first distinctly American musical form. â€Å"[20] For the first time, African American voices were being heard throughout the nation and the world as a result of the literature that was being reduced during this time. Jean Toner’s Cane was one of the first African American novels to receive mainstream recognition and acceptance fr om white audiences and led to the publishing of other African American novels. Hip hop has also had a worldwide effect on not only music, but culture as a whole. In telling the stories of their communities, African Americans have caught the attention of other audiences with this musical form Just as they did with Jazz and literature during the Harlem Renaissance. â€Å"As an art form, Hip Hop has reached out beyond its urban roots to gain a growing acceptance among diverse audiences. [21] There are Hip Hop a-Boy crews in, Japan, France South Korea, and the Brainwashing, Germany. Halifax Summer, a lecturer in African American Studies at US Berkeley, was quoted saying â€Å"Hip-hop has become a global culture. It began in black and Latino American communities, but you can’t go to any youth culture in any capital city on the globe today where you won’t find rappers talking about their normalization using similar lyrics, similar music and similar dress. â€Å"[22] Hip hop is used for the same meaner in other countries. Thousands of organizers from Cape Town to Paris use hip-hop in their communities o address environmental Justice, policing and prisons, media Justice, and education. In Guttenberg, Sweden, nongovernmental organizations (nags) incorporate graffiti and dance to engage disaffected immigrant and working-class youths. [23] Any movement is going to have its critics. Harlem intellectuals criticized the movement but it remained popular with the working class and those that understood the meaning behind the messages. Longboats Hughes was criticized greatly as many professed that he focused on furthering an unfavorable image of African Americans and perpetrating stereotyp es of the black race. To that criticism Hughes said, â€Å"l felt the masses of our people had as much in their lives to put into books as did those more fortunate ones who had been born with some meaner and the ability to work up to a master’s degree at a Northern college. I knew only the people I had grown up with, and they weren’t people whose shoes were always shined, who had been to Harvard, or who had heard of Bach. But they seemed to me good people, too. â€Å"[24] Rap music or hip hop music if you will, receives much criticism for its sometimes materialistic and sexist messages. â€Å"But rap music is only a part of the movement, and f you look beyond stereotypes, it’s clear that hip-hop culture has become one of the most far-reaching arts movements of the past three decades. [25] In the last few years hip hop has been one of the highest grossing music forms in the world and though the elitist shove its significance, much like they did writers like Hughes during the Renaissance movement, hip hop music has transformed into a culture beyond the music playing on the radio. â€Å"Hip-hop matters, quite simply, because it is the voice of the streets. And that remains true today, regardless of whether it’s the poor youth in the suburbs of Paris or indigenous people fighting for heir dignity in Colombia. Hip-hop has connected with the powerless in a way that no one could have predicted or, now, can control. â€Å"[26] Hip hop is a style of dress, a style of dancing and walking, a form of music and even language. â€Å"Although â€Å"hip-hop† is generally used as a referent to urban music that replaces singing with poetical prose, it has emerged as a framework of understanding youth culture between 1979 and 2010. The common activities of hip-hop include Digging, Rapping, Dancing, and Graffiti art. Those cultural activities have opened the doors for political thinking and cultural behaviors that can be considered ‘hip-hop’. 27] And though hip hop started as a form of music used by African Americans as a meaner of expression, it is no longer defined by race or made up of only African Americans. In fact Just a few years ago Black Entertainment Television named Mine, a Caucasian rapper, as the number one rap artist for that year. This simply shows the grave impact th at hip hop has had on culture. The same way white America was drawn into the music, literature and art of the Renaissance movement, Just about all cultures have embraced hip hop, its music and culture. The cosmopolitan nature of hip-hop includes people from backgrounds there than Black American and makes it clear that in hip-hop, one’s kin are not Just those related by blood, but those related by experience. This is particularly the case if the shared experience is of oppression at the hands of the same institutions and the same political and social economies that exclude a particular set of people from fully participating in the activities within a particular social Race alone does not bring people together in a movement, experiences and even trends do. †¦ It’s not just working-class whites, but also affluent, suburban kids who identify with this USIA with African-American roots. A white 16-year-old hollering rap lyrics at the top of his lungs from the driverâ₠¬â„¢s seat of his dad’s late-model Lexus may not have the same rationale to howl at the moon as a working-class kid whose parent’s can’t pay for college, yet his own anguish is as real to him as it gets. What attracts white kids to this music is the same thing that prompted outraged congressmen to decry Jazz during the sass†¦ Fife on the other side of the tracks; its â€Å"cool† or illicit factor, which black Americans, like it or not, are always perceived to possess. â€Å"[29] Africa Bumboat is credited with having started or founded hip hop by some and even he saw that it could evoke into a movement. Having visited Africa he began to take on the idea of fighting with love not war and in doing so wanted to bring forth a meaner of social change. â€Å"Bumboat had this vision of hip-hop as a force for social change. He had the history and street credibility to make this narrative acceptable to even the hardest of hard-heads He was the guy who articulated that hip-hop could be a cultural movement. † [30] From its inception, hip hop was positioned to be more than Just music. Similarly, with the Great Migration that had Just transpired and the seeking of employment and a break from the chains of Jim Crow, a movement of sorts was definitely on the horizon. While Hip Hop may have started on a small street corner in Bronx, New York, the impact of those humble beginnings were eventually felt globally. For instance, at a local mall one might observe hip hop dress; a Hip Hop culture that has impacted not only the ghetto street kid in the hood, but also the kids living in suburban and rural areas alike. At a car dealership, one might see that the cars on the showroom floor re outfitted with 20+ inch rims, a major part of Hip Hop culture. Like it or not, Hip Hop is here to stay. However, had it not been for movements like the Harlem Renaissance, other movements like: the Civil Right Movement, Black Pride Movement, and today’s Hip Hop Movement would have never existed. For the movement taught blacks, and those that experience oppression of any sorts, to believe in themselves, and to see themselves not as inferior, but equal to. It is often under the subjection of great stress that movements are born. Those that traveled North during the Great Migration had every opportunity to fold and give p, but they didn’t. Instead they decided to use whatever talents and gifts they had to create movements like the Harlem Renaissance, which defied the odds and finally gave black people a voice in a sea of white voices. It provided an avenue for African Americans to pick themselves up notwithstanding the discrimination they had to face on a daily basis from those in society. As a result of the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans were able to move on to greater heights in the realm of art, ultimately giving birth to today’s Hip Hop culture. Bibliography â€Å"A Walk Through Harlem. † Scholastic Scope (February 2010). Bailey, Cat. Noises of the Harlem Renaissance. † Scholastic Scope 51 no (February 2003): 14. Barron, Desman. 1995. â€Å"Longboats Hughes: ‘The negro artists and the racial mountains. ‘. † World 1 10, no. : 410. Boyd, Robert L. â€Å"The Northern ‘Black Metropolis’ of the Early Twentieth Century: A Reappraisal. † Sociological Inquiry 81, no. 1 (February 2011): 88-109. Brown, Bryan. â€Å"Hip-hop as a resource for understanding the urban context. † Cultural Studies Of Science Education 5, no. 2 None 2010): 521-524. Educa tion Research Complete, Obscenest (accessed September 24, 2012). Change, Jeff. â€Å"IT’S A Hip-Hop World. Foreign Policy no. 163 (November 2007): 58. Masterful Premier, Obscenest (accessed September 24, 2012). Ending, C. (2010). Science education for the hip-hop generation. How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers Harlem Renaissance Free Essays And what exactly was this â€Å"thing† called the Harlem Renaissance? Those are some of the questions that I am precisely going to answer here†¦ World War I started the Harlem Renaissance in the year 1916 and continued throughout the sass’s. This movement known as the Harlem Renaissance could also be called â€Å"The Great Migration† since millions of African Americans who were tired and extremely fed up with all the racism against them, settled in New York, specifically in the neighbor of Harlem. Soon, after all these African Americans grated, Harlem was filled with life, as in creativity; the air was filled with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harlem was the place to be for any African American who wanted to get out of the life of discrimination they had, and have a new life filled with freedom of expression. Training in the arts was provided in Harlem; for instance being trained artistically, musically and also being trained to express their literary talents as well. All of these components gave birth to what is known as the Harlem Renaissance. In addition, the Harlem Renaissance wasn’t only a rebellious movement against the whites at the mime, it was also a literary movement, a literary movement that kicked off in a dinner on March 21, 1924. Various types of writers, either white or black united in this historical dinner. Organizations such as the National Urban League and the Advancement of Colored People were responsible for publishing Journals of what it was like being â€Å"black in a white dominated world† – (McDougal Little Literature, Grade 11, pig. 830); these Journals were written by Counter Culled, Zorn Neal Hurst and Longboats Hughes. These writers also expressed what it was like being called the â€Å"new negro†, well educated African Americans with strong racial pride. As a matter of fact, strings were pulled so that the anthology of â€Å"The New Negro† could be published in 1925. Another writer like Jean Toomey was more driven in exploring his own identity rather than African American themselves. Even though these writers had different points of views towards the Harlem Renaissance they all shared the same honor and pride for who they were, the New Negroes ? well educated African Americans with throng racial pride. Regardless of all the progress the members of the Harlem Renaissance had gained, it all came to an end when the economy dropped because of the Great Depression. Due to the pitiful economy, the writers of this time had to go elsewhere to find other Jobs that would be able to sustain their families. Even though this happened and the Harlem Renaissance came to an end, this was Just the beginning for African American writers everywhere. In conclusion, the Harlem Renaissance was not only a historical movement that World War I began and the Great Depression ended. It wasn’t Just a way for artist and writers to rebel against the whites. It was more than that. It was a way a way of individual expression, and finally being able to have honor and pride of where they came from and who they were. Although the Harlem Renaissance only lasted a little more than 20 years, it was an end to that particular movement but the beginning of African American writers standing up for their culture and heritage trough music, art and writing all around the world. How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers Harlem Renaissance Free Essays Jonathan Validates The Harlem Renaissance: An era of Social Change Thesis: The sass’s Harlem Renaissance was an era that provided an opportunity of literary and artistic advancement for African Americans. The movement also reached social thought of sociology, and philosophy. Writers like Longboats Hughes and Counted Sullen promoted social equality through obscure themes and morals expressed in their writings. We will write a custom essay sample on Harlem Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now With its origins in Harlem, New York the renaissance affected the United States through literature, drama, music, visual art, and dance. At this time African Americans began to form themselves an identity and individual ultra for progress. Argument l: Problems that led to the Harlem Renaissance: During this time period the American government was making political changes to the constitution. Creating and enacting laws that promoted social welfare and public awareness. Some of these key political changes were: the 13th (Abolition of slavery), 14th (Citizenship status and rights), and the 1 5th amendment (Right to vote without racial discrimination) to the constitution. Other changes include the hardships and brutality of the south, The Great Migration from 1910-1930, as well as the US. ‘ Entrance to WWW. And lastly the origin of the Harlem Renaissance, and introduction to key activists. -Analysis of quotes for the political change of this time period. -Brief description of The Great migration and analysis of quotes directed toward the living conditions of 1910-1930 – Harlem, midtown Manhattan, New York -e. G. Lain Locke, Longboats Hughes, and Counted Sullen -The â€Å"new negro’ and social advancement for African Americans. * To be completed in two paragraphs. Source: 1. Schwartz, A. B. Christi. Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c. 2003 2. Woods, Gregory. A History of Gay Literature: The Male Tradition. Yale University Press, c. 1998 Argument II: Introduction to Gay activist Ideals, Cultural changes, Key activists leaders: During this time idealist leaders like W. E. B Dubious, Allelui a Walker, Claude McKay, and Longboats Hughes expressed themselves and their beliefs through actions and through pieces of writing. Another topic for discussion is the cultural change and impact the Harlem Renaissance had in the US. The Harlem Renaissance had cultural changes in which music went from classical to something more lively, sparking the ewe Jazz Age. Political change in which African Americans began to hold public office, enactment of laws that benefited all citizens of the US. Throughout the Harlem Renaissance period, roughly African American lesbians and gay men were meeting each other. Creating a complex network of social structure within the gay community. Some were discreet about their sexual identities; others open about their feelings. – Introduction and detailed analysis of â€Å"queer theory’ and its effects to the African American population during the Harlem Renaissance. -Explore movements and activists events that promoted acceptance and social equality. -Introduce key activists and ideals of social well being for the gay community during the Harlem Renaissance. Explore and analyze political policies that promoted discrimination and segregation of the gay population of the Harlem Renaissance. -Develop a coherent analysis of events that promoted tolerance and colonization throughout the gay community during this time period. -*To be completed in a minimum of two paragraphs. Source: 1 . Sedgwick, Eve Kickoffs. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: University of California Press, cache Argument 3: Influences for Progress: Now explore and analyz e which ideals have maintained strength throughout the 21st century. Examine which activist had the most impact and how it has affected us today. As well as explore political policies today, that outlaw discrimination and promote well being for the gay community of the 21st century. Conclusion: How did the Harlem Renaissance help influence progress today? Harlem Renaissance was an era of advancement and progress for the black gay community of the sass’s. These ideas helped shape our ideas today. This also helped society today promote equality and tolerance today. How to cite Harlem Renaissance, Papers

Business Research Methods Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Discuss cardinal issues and concerns originating from the fact that you. the director. are besides the research worker. In carry oning a research survey to gauge the gross revenues potency of outboard engines within the U. S. and Canadian retail market. there are cardinal issues and concerns that may originate from being both the director and the research worker. Those affairs of contention are a inquiry of experience as a research worker. cogency and dependability of the research. objectiveness of the research with the possibility of prejudice. confliction of direction functions and research worker functions with the possibility of money and clip direction confliction ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011 ) . As a gross revenues director. strategic concern consciousness of the outboard engine industry is critical to direction success. Bing an internal stakeholder can give an advantage of what strategic attack could work best for the company. Due to this internal cognition and industry experience. it is an easy undertaking to specify what research is required. Cooper and Schindler province that the job â€Å"should be clearly defined and aggressively delineated in footings every bit unambiguous as possible† ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 13 ) . However. limited concern research experience could easy be questioned. Directors possessing these research accomplishments will be able to separate the deepness of research that has been completed and whether or non it is adequate to do an informed determination ; particularly when the focal point is spread outing the company’s merchandises domestically. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011 ) . As a director and research worker. one must cognize what constitutes good. dependable research. One must guarantee the intent of the research is clearly defined ; guarantee the research is wholly detailed ; guarantee the research design is exhaustively planned ; guarantee that high ethical criterions are applied ; guarantee all restric tions are honestly revealed within the research ; guarantee equal analyzing of informations occurs ; guarantee findings are presented unequivocally ; guarantee decisions are justified ; and guarantee that old research experience has been reflected. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p pp. 13-15 ) If these features are non to the full followed. or ignored. it would increase direction determination hazards. Therefore. experience in concern research is a cardinal concern. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 13 ) . As the country gross revenues director. consideration and comparing of the advantages and possible disadvantages in gauging the gross revenues potency of the company’s merchandises in the domestic market would be in the head of measuring tactics and schemes in the increasing of the return of investing of the company. Therefore. as the gross revenues director one could easy hotfoot into using general market informations about possible clients and other competitory merchandises and rivals. whereas the information could be limited for a critical direction determination. As director. one could lose focal point in the existent undertaking in front and act upon the determination based on past experiences. and non on valid research. Therefore. the cogency and dependability of the research would be in inquiry. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 13 ) . Objectivity and nonpartisanshi p would be a major concern in the function of the director as the research worker. As the gross revenues director. trueness may conflict with truth. There is a opportunity of prejudice particularly in demoing the high potency for gross revenues of the company in comparing to rivals. As the director moving as the research worker. extra stairss would hold to be taken to determine the cogency of perceptual experience of the domestic sales’ appraisal and to guarantee truth. This concern connects to cognize what good research is and guaranting it is followed through exhaustively. On the other manus. an outside research worker presents merely what is purely supported by research. which may demo a lower potency for gross revenues. Ethical criterions are paramount in being nonsubjective as both the director and the research worker. The research worker is able to cover with the research with a more nonsubjective mode. and scientific mode which would bring forth indifferent consequences. â€Å"Efforts should be made to minimise the influence of personal prejudice in choosing and entering informations. † ( Cooper A ; Schindle r. 2011. p. 14 ) . The confliction of director and research worker functions is a cardinal issue. As stated earlier. demoing a high potency for gross revenues without good concern research. with prejudice to act upon the facts. could be damaging to doing valid direction determination. Directors who are extremely supportive of their companies either guarantee they have the best research to guarantee there is a competitory border in their pursuit for a higher return of investing and give a false sense of competitory security. Another illustration could be as the gross revenues director country sales’ minutess could be missing and there may be a enticement to maneuver the research toward demoing positive consequences. Conversely. by opening extra concern lines. it could distribute the gross revenues squad thin ; negative consequences may be shown alternatively. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011 ) . A deficiency of clip or money could be factors of concern when working on a concern research program. As gross revenues director. duties include. but non limited to. delegating districts. puting gross revenues quotas. gross revenues squad preparation. make a strategic gross revenues program. and engaging forces. Time direction of executing a well. organized program of r esearch could easy conflict with duties as the gross revenues director. Thus. seting forth the clip. attempt. and company’s money could be negative factors in carry throughing the primary function and duty as the gross revenues director. There is a considerable clip demand to carry on effectual concern research. particularly when it deals with possible outboard engine merchandise enlargement within the domestic markets ; such an project would hold a negative impact on primary gross revenues direction responsibilities ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011 ) . 2. Ch. 1 – 10 — Apply the rules in Exhibit 1-4 to the research scenario in inquiry 8. The direction quandary is â€Å"the job or chance that requires a direction determination. † ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 5 ) . In this instance. the direction quandary could be worsening gross revenues. new merchandises. or competition. The inquiry that direction would wish answered is how do we know the gross revenues potency of the company merchandises in the domestic market? The direction quandary is frequently triggered by a job or chance. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 12 ) . In this state of affairs. it is triggered by the chance to derive cognition to hopefully increase gross revenues. Once the direction quandary is understood. the company needs to specify the direction inquiry. Here. it would be how can we detect the gross revenues potency of the company’s outboard engines in the domestic market of the US and Canada? The direction inquiry can be defined b y get downing with the basic quandary and so develop extra inquiries by interrupting down the original inquiry into more specific 1s. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. pp. 12-13 ) . After both the direction quandary and inquiry are established. the research inquiry and the hypothesis that states the intent of the research. must be defined. This inquiry focuses the attending of the research to one chief idea. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. pp. 12-13 ) . In this instance. the research inquiries would include the undermentioned: ( 1 ) What is the best method to detect gross revenues possible? ( 2 ) What class of actions direction needs to take to establish outboard engines into the domestic market? ( 3 ) What domestic markets presently carry merchandises similar to our company? These inquiries would necessitate to be tested through geographic expedition and so redefined for lucidity. In this instance. looking at the current market or clients. should the focal point merely be on a specific type of client or should the engine or theoretical account be modified in order to make other mark clients or markets? Upon replying these inquiries. among others. the research workers would construct the research proposal and go on with the undermentioned stairss: find the research design scheme. collect and fix informations. analyze and interpret informations. describe the research. and do a direction determination ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. pp. 14-15 ) . 3. You observe the undermentioned status: â€Å"Our female gross revenues representatives have lower client desertions than make our male gross revenues representatives. † a. Propose the constructs and concepts you might utilize to analyze this phenomenon Cooper and Schindler ( 2011 ) define constructs as â€Å"a by and large accepted aggregation of significances or features associated with certain events. objects. conditions. state of affairss. and behaviours. † ( p. thirty ) . A concept is defined as â€Å"an image or abstract thought specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building intent. † ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. thirty ) . 1. Gross saless accomplishments concept a. ProfessionalismB. Gross saless procedurec. Business acumen2. Satisfied client conceptd. Female gross revenues representativee. Male gross revenues representativef. Product mixg. Accuracy of orders3. Female gross revenues representative concept h. PersonalityI. Physical attractionj. Self-Motivation4. Communication accomplishments conceptk. Clear messagel. Good hearerm. Body linguistic communication B. How might any of these constructs and/or concepts be related to explanatory hypotheses? Explanatory ( Casual ) hypotheses â€Å"is an deduction that the being of or a alteration in one variable causes or leads to a alteration in the order variable. † ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 63 ) . One explanatory hypotheses could be â€Å"Increasing the figure of females in the gross revenues force ( IV ) will take down client desertion rate ( DV ) . † Another explanatory hypotheses could be â€Å"lowering client desertion rates ( IV ) increases the company’s profitableness ( DV ) . † 4. Ch. 3 – 8 — Identify and sort all the variables in the Army’s flop shell research. Item| Variable Type| Comment| Bad behaviour of the population: nocturnal scavenging. race auto driving| Dependent| Mining is a unsafe profession. To make the occupation. the population became enured to put on the line. | Landscape of bomb site| Dependent| | Death rate| Dependent| |Bombs| Dependent ( Dichotomous ) | Bombs either explode or make non explode| Every 20th bomb is a dud| Dependent ( Continuous ) | |Loss of mining jobs| Independent| |Local Population| Independent| |Dud detonation| Independent| |Dud bombs| Independent| |Open firing range| Moderating| The fire scope allowed for the nocturnal scavenging| Culture of the population| Moderating| |History of the community| Moderating| |Economy| Moderating| |Attitude of the population| Moderating| |Limited Education| Moderating. Extraneous| Contributed to put on the line acceptance| Location of bomb site| Extraneous| |Bombarding aircraft| Extraneous| |Net income motivation of nocturnal scavenging of Cu wire| Intervening| The net income motivation drove the nocturnal scavenging of the duds| 5. Confronted by low productiveness. the president of Oaks International. Inc. asks a research company to analyze occupation satisfaction in the corporation. What are some of the of import grounds that this research undertaking may neglect to do an equal part to the solution of direction jobs? Productivity is the rate at which goods and services holding exchange value are brought Forth or produced. ( Dictionary. 2013 ) . The ground why this research undertaking may neglect is the preconceived impression that the jobs’ satisfaction is related to low productiveness. Job satisfaction has a strong relationship with productiveness. but may non be the lone cause of the low productiveness in the corporation. Companies with low degree of productiveness could theoretically acquire significantly more work done. but they have factors that hold them back from their full potency. ( May. 2013 ) . Some of the undermentioned factors could be. but are non limited to: deficiency of leading or d irection. un-safe environment. outdated systems. employee dissatisfaction. employee personal jobs. and/or unequal communicating between sections. ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011 ) . Cooper and Schindler ( 2011 ) province that â€Å"the direction inquiry – its beginning. choice. statement. geographic expedition and polish – is the critical activity in the sequence. † ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 81 ) . In this instance. the direction quandary is non being to the full explored since it is being attributed to occupation satisfaction. The direction quandary is low productiveness and the grounds for this should be discovered individually. Until specific direction inquiries are formulated. focused research can non get down. If the research worker were to merely get down taking studies on the occupation satisfaction of employees. the director would stop up with accurate information. but it may non be the solution to the low productiveness issue. 6. Ch. 4 – 5 — Based on an analysis of the last six months’ gross revenues. your foreman notices that gross revenues of beef merchandises are worsening in your chain’s eatin g houses. As beef entree gross revenues decline. so do net incomes. Fearing beef gross revenues have declined due to several newspaper narratives describing E. coli taint discovered at country food market shops. he suggests a study of country eating houses to see if the state of affairs is permeant. a. What do you believe of this research suggestion? Beef gross revenues in the eating house might be worsening but there is no reference of general gross revenues or gross revenues of other points. Imputing the gross revenues decline to a recent E. coli jailbreak may or may non be the cause. The direction quandary is worsening beef gross revenues over the last six months. It is better to get down the research with the inquiry of â€Å"Why have beef gross revenues declined over the last six months? † alternatively of presuming the cause. This would let the research to research all possibilities alternatively of merely the E. coli theory. B. How. if at all. could you better on your boss’s preparation of the research inquiry? Cooper and Schindler ( 2011 ) specify the direction quandary as â€Å"the job or chance that requires a direction determination. † ( Cooper A ; Schindler. 2011. p. 5 ) . In this instance. the direction quandary is worsening beef gross revenues. Specifying the right inquiry ( s ) becomes cardinal to work outing this quandary. Trying to work out the incorrect inquiries will take to incorrect replies. Cooper and Schindler ( 2011 ) think â€Å"the direction question- its beginning. choice. statement. geographic expedition. and refinement-is the critical activity in the sequence† ( p. 81 ) . The general direction inquiry is â€Å"How can we increase beef gross revenues? † This would let the fullest scope of replies. The purchasing wonts of diners have changed and this is the inquiry that must be answered. It could be that frequenters can no longer afford the beef on the bill of fare or the eating house has a new cook and is destroying the steaks or even a new telecas ting show reding fish as a healthy pick. This procedure should get down with the frequenters of the eating house itself as it will supply more relevant feedback and information specific to the eating house. Research inquiries that begin to spot the ground behind why their diners are altering their bill of fare choices need to be formulated. The eating house so needs to be prepared to modify its bill of fare or operations to fulfill the diner’s needs. 7. Ch. 5 – 12 — Develop the management-research inquiry hierarchy ( Exhibits 5-6 and 5-8 ) . mentioning direction quandary. direction inquiry. and research inquiry ( s ) for each of the followers: a. The president of a place wellness attention services house. Management quandary: Why are our clients kicking about the nutrient we provide? Management inquiry: How can our organisation better our merchandise? How can our organisation extinguish this negative feedback?Research inquiries: Should we alter the nutrient provider? Should we spread out the bill of fare to offer more options? Should we buy higher quality nutrient? Should we supply smaller or bigger parts? Should we engage more experient kitchen staff? B. The frailty president of investor dealingss for an car maker. Management Dilemma: Why are old investors in our company looking elsewhere to other investing chances? Management Question: How can we better our perceptual experience among investors in order to hold them reinvest in our company? Research Questions: What type of investor are we seeking to pull. institutional or independent? How of import are dividends to these investors? Are the investors seeking growing or income? What dividends would we be willing to offer? What way as a company do investors desire to see us travel? Are we prepared to alter way as a company to run into investor standards? c. The retail advertisement director of a major metropolitan newspaper. Management quandary: Why are publicizing gross revenues worsening in our newspaper?Management inquiry: How can our company better advertisement gross revenues?Research inquiries: Should we alter our advertisement rates? Should we offer more advertisement options? Should we alter the market attack? What is our competitory advantage? d. The head of constabulary in a major metropolis Management Dilemma: Why has at that place been an addition of offense in the southwest part of the metropolis? Management Question: What can be done to diminish offense in the southwest part of the metropolis? Research Questions: What has changed in the southwest part of the metropolis that has increased offense? What per centum of our officers can we travel to this subdivision of our metropolis to increase our presence? Who can our Community Affairs Department work with to acquire community cooperation? Do we hold adequate substations in this subdivision of the metropolis? Where would new substations need to be located? Referencessources Cooper. D. . A ; Schindler. P. ( 2011 ) . Business Research Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dictionary. ( 2013 ) . Productivity definition. Retrieved January 20. 2013 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/browse/productivity May. K. ( 2013 ) . What are the causes of low degrees of productiveness? Retrieved January 20. 2013 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness. chron. com/causes-low-levels-productivity-37959. hypertext markup language

Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play Essay Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play. Shakespeare uses dramatic devices to increase the audiences sympathy with their suffering and to underline the plays themes. Shakespeare highlights the poor treatment and lack of respect for women in the 16th century. He also points out that there is very little point to human conflict and that violence is not the right answer. I think the most traumatizing event and one which Shakespeare created most sympathy from the audience for Romeo and Juliet was their deaths. Romeo was banished to another Town when a word came to him about the death of Juliet. Friar Lawrence and Juliet had planned for Juliet to fake her death so that she could leave Verona with Romeo. Romeo was not aware of this plan so Friar Lawrence sent a letter to Romeo in the town he was banished to only to find out a few days later the letter could not be sent due to an outbreak of plague in Romeos town. Romeo then receiving the message of Juliets death was distraught and stormed back into Verona causing havoc just to be with Juliet on her death bed. Romeo had bought some deadly poison on entry to Verona as he did not feel he could go on in life without Juliet. Romeo ran into the chapel to be where Juliet lay, the place where he would kill himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet suffer a number of emotional traumas in the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He lay by her side and drank the poison only for Juliet to cruelly wake up as he lay on the floor dead with a face of agony. Juliet then purposely takes her own life, a dagger to the stomach with Romeos blade. I think Shakespeare creates the ultimate sympathy for the two characters as they die in front of each other. Juliet describes the dagger as O happy dagger telling the audience that she is pleased it will kill her. Juliet believes that if she is dead she will be closer to Romeo so is happy that the dagger can kill her. Juliet also says to Friar Lawrence where is my Lord referring to Romeo which shows the love she had towards him. Shakespeare has also used dramatic irony here to create sympathy as Juliet does not know Romeo is dead but the Friar and the audience do. This is also a use of religious language which Shakespeare uses through out the play. Another major tool that Shakespeare uses is the prologue of the play where he tells the audience that Romeo and Juliet are going to die which creates sympathy towards Romeo and Juliet before the play even begins. It says The fearful passage of their death marked lovers and A pair of star crossed lovers both take their life. These two sentences tell us that they Romeo and Juliet fall deeply in love but are destined to die, already Shakespeare has used this to create sympathy for Romeo and Juliet. I think the sympathy increases the longer the play continues as the audience watch the pair fall madly in love and they dont know that their going to die. This is also a good example of dramatic as the audience knows Romeo and Juliet are going to die but Romeo and Juliet do not know this. The feud between Juliets family (Capulet) and Romeos family (Montague) also creates sympathy for Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare mentions the families feud in the prologue saying Two households both alike in dignity From an ancient grudge break new mutiny. These two lines tell us that they are two powerful house holds but they will be betrayed. This already creates lots of sympathy for Romeo and Juliet; because if there was no conflict between the two families none of the events leading up to their deaths would have taken place, Romeo and Juliets relationship would have not had to be a secret. The play begins with a battle between the two houses and eventually later on in the play members of the families are killed which result in disastrous consequences. By starting the play with a fight Shakespeare immediately excites the audience and grabs their attention. This is in a way another dramatic device used by Shakespeare because Romeo and Juliet are aware of their families dislike for ea ch other but do not know what sort of problems this will cause in the future. Tybalts death is another important event in the play which creates sympathy for Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare creates a dramatic battle between the Montagues and Capulets ending in the death of Mercutio and Tybalt. The two gangs of men meet in a public place and Mercutio and Tybalt begin to fight and eventually Mercutio is killed. In a fit of anger Romeo battles with Tybalt and Kills him enraged. Romeo says And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now which tell the audience just how angry Romeo is with Tybalt.The audience feels sympathy towards Romeo as his best friend has died. When Romeo kills Tybalt he is banished and Juliet is very upset that Romeo is gone. Juliet pretends that she is weeping for Tybalts death; she says to her mother I am not well. This makes us feel sympathy for Juliet as she has to hide her sadness behind her cousins death. Shakespeare has used dramatic irony here because Juliets family does not know why she is crying and think its because Tybalt has died. Juliet is deeply unhappy because she does not know when she will see Romeo and her wedding has been cancelled. Shakespeare has proved a point here about the treatment of women in the 16th century because Juliet is forced to hide her own true feelings and can have no opinion on Romeo banishment. This creates further sympathy for Juliet. The letter that Friar Lawrence sent but did not reach Romeo was also a major part in the play which increased pity towards Romeo and Juliet. This creates sympathy for Romeo and Juliet as Romeo has know knowledge of Juliets death and this eventually leads to Romeo killing himself. On hearing that his letter could not be sent Friar Lawrence says Unhappy fortune! By my brotherhood this tells of his unhappiness that the letter could not be sent and he becomes worried that Romeo does not know of Juliets death. Shakespeare has also ironically used the word fortune as Friar Lawrence has no control over what has happened and is destined to happen to Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare has used dramatic irony here because Romeo does not know that Juliet has faked her death. This creates lots of sympathy for Romeo as he is dreadfully upset about the death of Juliet and eventually leads to Romeo killing himself. Romeo says Well Juliet I will lie with thee tonight telling the audiences that he is goin g to kill himself, creating sympathy for Juliet. In act III scene 1 comedy takes a dramatic turn to tragedy which makes the audience remember what is destined to happen to Romeo and Juliet and creates more sympathy. When Tybalt and Mercutio die, this sets the scene for the rest of the play and the audience knows that eventually Romeo and Juliet are going to die. This makes even more sympathy for them as the audience realizes they will soon die. This is a major turning point in the play as it takes a serious turn and after this very little comedy is used by Shakespeare. He does this so theres such a big comparison between tragedy and comedy. In conclusion to all the events I studied in the play I found the following things. Shakespeare did nothing accidentally and all the themes of the play were purposely put there. He has clearly purposely highlighted that women were not respected well in the 16th century and had very little say in matters. He has cleverly shown that conflict can lead to needless death and that violence is not the right answer. Overall creating sympathy for Romeo and Juliet was Shakespeares main objective which he completed successfully in this tragic love story. ;

What Would the World be Like Without French Culture essays

What Would the World be Like Without French Culture essays Like the cultures of most regions of the world, the French culture is greatly influence by geographical and economic characteristics of the country. For example, France's fertile soil has played a large role in the country's reputation as a world culinary centre. The country's extensive coastal areas on the Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, and Mediterranean Sea, have played a significant role in making shipping and fishing important parts of the country's economy. These factors combined with a relatively less dense population[1] enabled France to become a wealthy country from the Middle Ages onwards. Although most of this wealth before the French Revolution in 1789 was concentrated in the crown, a significant wealthy class had also developed in France. The French monarchs in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries (like the papacy in Rome) used part of their wealth to patronize art and artists on a large scale. This attracted many of Europe's talented artists to Paris, making it the Mecca' of art and gave rise to a rich French culture. Wealth also resulted in the creation of a leisure class, which had both the time and the means for developing elegance in dress, manners, furnishings, and architecture. ("France," A world minus French culture would be deprived of one of the world's most varied literature noted for its profound examination of human society and the individual's place within society. There would be no literary movements in the world called dada, surrealism, existentialism, theater of the absurd, the new novel, and postmodernismall 20th century literary styles led by French artists. We would be unaware of the innovative and enlightening works of the great French poets such as Franzois Villon[2] and Arthur Rimbaud,[3] influential philosophers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau and Voltairewhose writings in the Age of Enlightenment' ins...

Personality Characteristics in Organizations Essay

Personality Characteristics in Organizations - Essay Example ings because I have talents that I know could be useful in every endeavor and I know there are still talents inside of me that still need to be discovered. In line with this, I also have high self-esteem which I believe carries be through every difficulty I face. My evaluations of myself are positive. Of course I commit mistakes however I do not take those negatively like it is almost the end of the world for me. Rather, I take those mistakes as parts of my learning so that in similar occasions, I would know what must be done. Sometimes, I can also be deeply affected by failures but I think I am quite resilient, able to encourage myself to face life’s challenges and become better each day. I guess I give credit to self-monitoring about this positive outlook that I have about myself. I have the tendency of evaluating my performances, reviewing the events of the day in my mind and thinking how I should have acted or reacted. Consequently, I tend to have more and more improvement s as I live each day. Nevertheless, I also tend to overdo self-monitoring which leads me to expect too much from myself. Extreme self-esteem and self-efficacy also make me inclined to be overpowering so I have to work hard to control these positive traits I

Church and world religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Church and world religion - Essay Example Familiarity with Muslim communities enhanced acceptance by the interviewee and openness during the interview. Effective communication is important for a successful interview to take place. Most Islamic teachings are in Arabic and have not been interpreted explicitly in English. The interview therefore was characterized with communication snags as the interviewee tried to express certain meanings as understood from the Quran. It was interesting to find out how a Muslim is well-versed with the teachings of the Quran, quoting from different verses to support answers to the interview questions. There was also a notable affection of Islam as the respondent participated in the interview. The readiness to explain more than requested indicated an inner driving force for the Muslim to help others understand his own faith, which demonstrated the need for dialogue. Religion emerged as a core aspect of a Muslim’s life and that there is a day of judgment when every individual will be required to account for all his/her actions. Islam is a peaceful religion that teaches on the existence of one supreme God who is unique and without equal. It instructs believers to maintain peace with others and to follow the desires of God as manifest in His angels as well as the revelations that were conveyed to human beings through prophets. Every human being is supposed to obey God who holds the ultimate authority over mankind. For this reason, perpetrators of the crimes against humanity committed all over the world by Muslims and non-Muslims are against God’s will and every individual will pay the price of sin on judgment day. There are a number of prophets that are held in high regard by Muslims with whom they associate with God’s intention to bring peace to the world. This is an indicator that God intended to bring happiness to man despi te the sins that distance people from Him. It was also an important realization that some of the prophets are

Global Priorities Bigger than climate change Essay

Global Priorities Bigger than climate change - Essay Example reminded that the most important is not to define problems but to find the solutions to these problems and the most important question is â€Å"what can we do about that?†. Then the scientist reminded about the necessity to define several basic problems, which should be the top priorities. He talks about four biggest problems: malaria, free trade, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS. AIDS, according to scientist, is the first issue to be paid attention to, he is sure that not enough efforts are taken to struggle with this disease, and the statistics is disappointing primarily because of that. He reminds that it is much easier to prevent the disease than to cure it, thus the main attention should be paid to prevention, because it is possible to be done and it is namely prevention, which can improve the statistics. The report made by Bjorn Lomberg is very informative and useful as it makes us think about the importance of the correct definition of priorities in order to find real resoluti on to the biggest problems in the

Is transformational leadership effective in schools

Is transformational leadership effective in schools The leadership behaviour of school principals is an important aspect of student performance and the general functioning of the school as a whole. The importance of high quality, effective leadership has been shown to be one of the major contributing factors leading to high performance in schools (Reynolds, 1991; Hallinger and Heck, 1999; Sammons et al, 1995). Several research studies have shown Effective leadership not only improves educational outcomes; it also ensures that disciplinary problems among students are addressed effectively. Two major leadership styles that have been predominantly used are transactional and transformational styles of leadership. While the former is predominantly an instructional style of leadership while a transformational approach tends to be more team based. In applying different models of leaders and various approaches to leadership, there has been a general consensus that school leadership differs from organizational leadership, hence a team based ap proach may be more suitable. School leadership essentially needs to combine leadership and management capabilities. Everard and Morris (1990) have laid out five stages of management, wherein setting goals, planning and organizing resources for the achievement of goals and implementing control and corrective procedures are important in achieving the desired objectives. In the context of transformational leadership styles, Bolman and Deal (1997) are of the view that Poorly managed organizations with strong, charismatic leaders may soar temporarily only to crash shortly thereafter. (Bolman and Deal, 1997: xiii-xiv). In the international context, cultural implications may also need to be taken into consideration in determining what kind of leadership style would be relevant. On the basis of the above, the research question examined in this study is whether a transformational leadership style is really effective in schools? Definitions of school leadership: Outstanding leadership has invariably emerged as a key characteristic of outstanding schools (Beare, Caldwell and Millikan, 1989:99). The concept of leadership itself however, is not easy to define. There is no correct definition (Cuban, 1988:190), but some of its constituent elements include the process of influence(Leithwood et al, 1999:6; Ogawa and Bossert, 1995:225-6), mostly a social influence (Yuki, 2002:3) that may be exercised by individuals or by teams (Harris, 2002; Leithwood, 2001). The school as an organization is somewhat different from other organizations. As Mitchell and Tucker (1992) have pointed out, leadership has generally been viewed as the ability to take charge and ensure that the required objectives are met, which presents the quality of leadership as being somewhat aggressive. In the school environment however, such a view of leadership might not be entirely appropriate, because aggressive or instructional leadership would tend to ignore the benefits of teamwork or transformational leadership. With a school environment, leadership would be more about leaders extending invitations to the individuals and groups with whom they interact, in order to build a shared and evolving vision of enhanced educational experiences for pupils. (Stoll and Fink, 1996: 109). Leadership theories and models: Within an educational context, existing leadership practices for school leaders prior to the 1950s were focused upon the lessons to be learnt from the prior experiences of school administrators and their insights into effective practice methods on the basis of their personal experiences. (Heck and Hallinger, 2005). This approach was however inadequate and attention shifted to the need to apply scientific principles based on empiricism rather than on the basis of ideals or personal beliefs and experiences. A transactional leadership style involves leaders who exchange tangible rewards for the work and the loyalty of their followers, thereby adopting a purely practical approach. Transformational leaders on the other hand, are able to motivate and inspire their followers and raise their consciousness about the desired objectives and outcomes, and how they could be achieved (Gellis, 2001; Judge and Piccolo, 2004). A later approach however, suggested that these two styles of leadership were not necessarily mutually exclusive; rather most good leaders appear to demonstrate some traits of both styles of leadership (Judge and Piccolo, 2004:755). A transformational leadership style relies largely upon the personality of the leader and his or her capacity to inspire and motivate followers. As Everard and Morris (1985) have pointed out within the school context however, an important task in an educational institution is the reconciliation of value systems of different people in such a manner that a clear statement of aims and beliefs is derived, to which a majority of the stakeholders can subscribe. (Everard and Morris, 1985:142). This must also be coupled with a clear, educationally focused vision, which articulates a realistic, credible, attractive future for the organization (Deal and Peterson, 1994). While the input, vision and ideals of the principal are important, the school context requires bringing together the ideas and commitments of a variety of people who have a stake in the success of the school. (Tom Sergiovanni, 1987). As Beare, Caldwell and Millikan (1989) have stated, outstanding leaders are those who have a vi sion for their school, but they also share this mental picture with everyone in the school community. The vision of the principal is vital because it serves as a pointer to the direction in which the school should go; however, if this vision is the principals alone and is not shared by the other members of the organization, then staff and students may tend to merely go through the motions rather than actually supporting the vision and being deeply committed to it. As Hopkins has pointed out, effective school leadership must embrace both the distinctive aspects of the school which set it apart, as well as the inclusive context of the school, which fosters unity of purpose. He points out that there are two aspects to leadership the first is the policy that one size fits all while on the other hand, is the claim that because each institution is unique and different, it cannot learn from the experiences of another institution. This principle may be fallacious and school leadership may need to adopt a policy of adapt practices that have been proven to be effective elsewhere and incorporate it within the specific context of their own schools. On this basis, he has suggested policy that school leadership must include both the distinctive and inclusive context of the school. This implies that (a) the context of the school must be embraced in its entirety before any practices proven elsewhere can be incorporated and (b) the particular mix of skills re quired in school leadership will differ from one context to the other. The contingency model of leadership specifically stipulates that in terms of its contextual variables, each school is unique. Although the homogeneity associated with globalisation tend to produce an assumption that a uniform leadership style may successfully be applied to all schools, this perception may not be strictly correct. Rather, as Dimmock and Walker have suggested, policies and practices should not be imported without due consideration of cultural and contextual appropriateness (Dimmock and Walker, 2000:144). Furthermore, Dimmer and Walker (2005) point out that globalization has produced phenomena such as distance education, which has produced an ethnocentric view of educational leadership issues, centred upon issues that are relevant in the US and the UK. But with the globalization of education, indicated that there may be a need to develop a cross cultural, international perspective of educational leadership and management. Another model proposed for educational leadership is the Leadership for Learning model, which is based upon a set of well defined principles that can be used to guide schools, their leaders and school districts in achieving high performance standards and sustaining learning (www.cebe.us) The basic principles associated with this model are as follows: (a) a focus on learning, i.e., learning is personalized and occurs in multiple contexts (b) creates setting to promote learning, i.e., providing multiple opportunities for learning and reflections on its nature (c) shares leadership, i.e., invites participation in leadership (d) promotes explicit conversations about leadership and learning, i.e., strengthening the relationship between the two and (e) incorporates mutual accountability, i.e., involving all stakeholders in making judgments about practice and outcomes. The transformational approach applied in schools: Barnett et al (2001) carried out a study in several state secondary schools in Wales, in which they investigated the relationship that existed between the transactional versus the transformational styles of leadership of the principals, taking into account the school outcomes as well as the school learning culture. The findings in this study suggested that contrary to what was expected, teacher outcomes such as satisfaction, extra effort and the perception of leader effectiveness were not positive where transformational leadership style were concerned. Rather, transformational leadership behaviour on the part of the principal, in terms of his or her vision and inspiration produced a significant negative association, both with teacher outcomes as well as with student learning culture. A transformational leadership style was however found to be quite effective in bringing about changed practices in teachers in a Dutch study which investigated the impact of this leadership style in the context of innovation programs. (Geijsel et al, 1999) This study showed that there were three significant dimensions to a transformational leadership style in school leadership, i.e., vision, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. These three aspects were analyzed in relation to how they influenced teacher concerns, teachers learning activities and teachers changed practices. The results showed that a transformational leadership style in school principals appeared to be quite effective in fostering innovative practices and bringing about changes in teacher practices. The direct effect of a transformational leadership style of principals on school staff turnover and school performance was examined in a study carried out by Griffin (2004). The data relied upon for deriving the findings in this study were (a) survey data from elementary school students and teachers and (b) student achievement test scores, derived from the student archives. This study did not demonstrate a direct positive or negative impact of transformational leadership on either student achievement scores or on the turnover of school staff. Principal transformational leadership showed a positive indirect impact on the job satisfaction of staff members and student achievement scores, which it had an indirect negative impact on staff turnover in terms of reducing the levels of staff turnover and thereby indicating that staff turnover had actually reduced as a result of the principals leadership style. Since the principals transformational style also produced a smaller gap between the achievements of minority and non minority students, this further contributed to high job satisfaction levels. A new leadership paradigm: The skills of leadership are even more important in a changing world. As Dilts (no date) points out, most of the existing literature on leadership focuses upon the characteristics of good leaders, but such characteristics are too vague and general to be of much use. Examining effective leadership styles within the business context may also be ineffective in a school environment, because the organization is geared towards profit making, while schools are geared towards imparting a strong educational foundation for students that does not merely include academic achievement. According to Dilts, effective leadership covers a variety of skills, including self skills, relational skills, strategic and systemic thinking skills and involves a mastery of various elements such as self, relationship, communication and problem space. On this basis, Dilts states that effective leadership in schools needs to address all of three different levels (a) micro leadership, i.e., issues at the levels of environment, behaviour and capability (b) macro leadership, or issues at the level of beliefs, values and role identity and (c) meta leadership or the levels of spirit and identity. Similarly, Dimmer and Walker (2005) have pointed out the need to incorporate cultural elements into the study of school leadership, especially in the context of globalization. They have put forward five propositions to map the direction of future cross cultural research into educational leadership and management. The essence of these propositions is that there is a need to develop a systematic, robust, comparative branch of educational leadership and management (Dimmer and Walker, 2005:198). The concept of culture must be clearly defined in order to avoid an over-simplified portrayal of societal differences as Western/Asian. Moreover, it could be difficult to successfully apply transformational leadership styles across different cultures, while a transactional approach that is based upon a simple system of incentives and rewards for the production of certain specific educational outcomes that are measured through tests, is much easier to apply. Bush has outlined different kinds of preparatory programs that principals are expected to take up. Daresh and Male (2000) carried out a comparative study of first year principals in Britain and the United States and point out that a significant culture shock is associated with moving into being the head of an institutional institution. Nothing could prepare the respondents.. For the change of perceptions of others or for the intensity of the job. (Daresh and Male, 2000:95). The major differences between leadership programs for principals in different countries is that some of them require a formal qualification for the position, while in others, this qualification is not mandatory and extensive teaching experience is used as the criterion for appointment. Conclusions: The research question that has been posed in this study is whether a transformational educational leadership style is really effective in educational leadership. In order to assess the efficacy of transformational leadership in education, the literature review above has also shown the need to incorporate cultural perspectives and the level of formal training principals receive. This aspect is especially relevant because not all administrators are able to inspire staff and students or fully understand their concerns. An approach to leadership that is derived purely on the basis of past experiences may also not be effective in the present day content. The transactional style of leadership may be effective in terms of applying measurable incentives in achieving the desired outcomes. Theoretically, a transformational approach should be more effective in providing a more successful educational leadership, but as shown above, in actual practice this might not necessarily be the case. The v ision and direction of the transformational approach must necessarily be participative if it is to be truly effective. If the vision for the school is purely the principals, then it is not likely to be successful in securing the commitment of the staff and students and may actually produce negative outcomes, especially when it fails to incorporate the cultural perspective. The Leadership for learning model appears to be the most relevant in the school context and it does incorporate a transformational approach in that it focuses on the context of learning; however most importantly, it also provides for a shared leadership. This indicates that the schools would need to develop a common vision and goals based upon the active participation of the principal, teachers and the students. This is the important aspect of transformational leadership which must be introduced if it is to be successful, i.e., the participative element. It could be successful in bringing about necessary changes in both students and teachers and also achieving the desired grades and educational outcomes, if the processes and procedures which are developed are based upon a common vision and common goals which the principal develops in association and with the active participation of all members of a school community, This would ensure commitment from everyone towards achieving those g oals.